Dysphemism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A dysphemism is an expression with connotations that are offensive either about the subject matter or to the audience, or both. Examples: euphemism in a sentence. Editor's note: Did You Know? Learn a new word every day. Delivered to your inbox! OTHER MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARIES. SPANISH CENTRAL; LEARNER'S ESL DICTIONARY; WORDCENTRAL. Euphemism definition, the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt. Euphemism is the substitution of an inoffensive expression for one considered offensively explicit. About.com; Autos; Careers. Examples and Observations. Pre-owned for used or second-hand; enhanced interrogation. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Examples; bullshit for lies or nonsense (compare euphemism.
26 S t u d e n t h a n d o u t definition: the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. Examples: the use of “terminally injured” rather than “killed. Dysphemisms contrast with neutral or euphemistic expressions. Related terms include malphemism (from the Latinmalus . Dysphemisms are used to humiliate, degrade, and minimize people of whom one disapproves. Thus marked forms are relative to the speaker and social context. Should the speaker use exclusively intimate terms to address a person (first name) then that would be their norm. To show social distance or to express anger one would use a marked (atypical) form, for example a more formal form of address, adding a title or using the listener's last name. By using one, the speaker offends the listener by targeting his or her humanity. The illocutionary act (expressive) is dysphemistic while the locution is euphemistic so as not to offend others. This is indicative of close ties, friendship, or familiarity. Dysphemisms for those of a particular biological sex, religion, political stance, sexual orientation, ability level, or any other personal trait may function likewise. Name dysphemism. In that case it would appeal to the listener's positive face rather than damage it, and would thus not be a dysphemism. Anger or dissatisfaction with the listener (or group of people) may compel a speaker to use a name dysphemism or term of address dysphemism. For instance, the word . However, in British English, the word . However, in British English, the word . These are often referred to as X- phemisms. When speaking to a close friend about death, it would be considered euphemistic to say . However, if a doctor were to use this phrase after an unsuccessful operation, the phrase would be considered dysphemistic in the context of professional medicine. Likewise many X- phemisms regarding sexual intercourse could be considered euphemistic within peer groups yet dysphemistic in certain audiences. One might be more likely to say that they . The pejorative use of the word terrorist is a salient example, as definitions of the word terrorist may vary across cultures and even within individuals in the same culture. This definition is ambiguous, and many groups that refer to themselves as . In 2. 00. 3, the Philippine government's intention to label the Moro Islamic Liberation Front as a terrorist organization was indicated by the organization to be an escalation of hostilities. Naming groups in this way has been described, . The individual compares matching features with representations stored in their long term memory. Dysphemic terms activate negative stereotypes present in the listener's memory and affect their interpretation of the given text. Move from euphemism to dysphemism. Sometimes slight modifications of dysphemisms can make them acceptable: while . Often a word with both taboo and non- taboo meanings becomes restricted to the taboo definition alone. Movements to reclaim words for homosexuals such as . For this reason, terms of insult are socially taboo and dysphemistic. Breaking a social taboo can act as an emotional release, with the illocutionary act of expressing a feeling or attitude. Hugh Rawson notices in his book Wicked Words that when looking at Roget's International Thesaurus, there are . The synonyms for unchastity in the Thesaurus fill 1. For unchaste woman, 3. No synonyms at all are given for chaste woman and chaste man. Many communities historically believed that bodily effluvia such as feces (faeces), spittle, blood, nail- parings, and hair- clippings were cursed. Such revulsion is apparently learned: children and animals are not put off by bodily effluvia (unless they have a foul smell). In a study done at Monash and La Trobe Universities in Melbourne, Australia, subjects rated bodily effluvia according to how revolting they found them. Feces, vomit, semen and menstrual blood were rated as most revolting while nail parings, breath, blood from a wound, hair clippings, and breast milk were rated as least revolting. Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used As Shield and Weapon (1st Replica Books ed.). Bridgewater, N. J.: Replica Books. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 7. Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language (Reprinted ed.). ISBN 9. 78- 0- 5. Wicked words: a treasury of curses, insults, put- downs, and other formerly unprintable terms from Anglo- Saxon times to the present (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. The American Heritage Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary. Applied Psycholinguistics. Third World Quarterly. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2. June 2. 01. 4. Retrieved 2. June 2. 01. 4. Language and power (2nd ed.). ISBN 9. 78- 0- 5. The mismeasure of man (Rev. The blank slate: the modern denial of human nature. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. Slang and euphemism: a dictionary of oaths, curses, insults, ethnic slurs, sexual slang and metaphor, drug talk, college lingo, and related matters (3. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 4.
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